Catch-crops are sown as early as possible after a winter feed crop has been grazed, with the aim of mopping up excess nutrients in the soil before they disappear over or down the soil profile and make their way into waterways.
Early results from the first year of a Ministry for Primary Industries Sustainable Farming Fund (SFF) project- which is looking at using catch crops to mitigate nitrate (N) leaching during winter forage grazing – has shown that the inclusion of a catch-crop (such as greenfeed oats) can generate a gross profit of $2500/ha. That is from a 12t dry matter (DM) per hectare crop harvested in November (range 8-12 t/ha). The DM is valued at 25c/kg.
In this particular example – where oats were sown into a grazed kale paddock in mid-July – the oats pulled up 223kg N/ha- N that would have potentially been lost to the environment.
Peter Carey, a field research scientist with Lincoln Agritech, who is carrying out the three-year SFF project, says they have three trial sites in Canterbury and two in Southland – all on commercial farms.
Last year four out of the five trials were very successful which reinforced the value of catch crops as part of a crop rotation.
“Catch-crops increase the efficiency of the operation by retaining N in the system that farmers would otherwise have waved goodbye to.”
He says forage crops can yield 15-25t DM and carry a lot of stock in a small area at a time where there is very little plant growth. This means there is a lot of urea sitting in the soil which will be turned into ammonium and then nitrified to nitrate, the most mobile form of N.
“While they are on relatively small areas these crops are potentially big sources of N loss and can have up to 300kg N/ha sitting there with nothing to take it up.”
Peter says while they are comparing triticale and Italian ryegrass as part of the catch-crop trial, oats are ideal because they are more winter active, and therefore are growing when the bugs in the soil start turning the ammonium from the deposited urine into nitrate.
The whole process is temperature related.
“Once the soil temperatures warm up enough to start the oats growing, it is exactly the same time as the nitrification process kicks into gear.”
Oats, with their larger seed, are also more robust and have deep roots to capture the soil N.
Peter says one of the challenges with catch-crops is having the ability to get the crop established into winter-wet soils. Last winter was particularly favourable, but comparisons between conventional cultivation and direct-drilling (with minimal passes) showed that while initially the conventionally-worked crops looked to be ahead of the direct-drill treatments, by harvest there was little – less than one tonne – difference in yield.
“It was a bit surprising and of course the direct-drilling was cheaper, so if conditions allow, the direct-drill looks to be the best option.”
Conventional cultivation also accelerates the nitrification process so there is potentially greater N loss from the cultivated soils before the crop is established.
One of the exciting finds last winter was the use of a one-pass inversion or spader drill in the Gore tillage trial. This drill enabled establishment seven weeks earlier than the conventional cultivation/drilling treatments and resulted in significantly greater DM production and N uptake (8.4t vs 4.5 t DM/ha and 124 vs 96 kg N/ha). Peter is optimistic they can grow a 10t crop of oats using the spader drill and this would pick up 150kg N/ha.
Peter admits that oats are not the best feed crop, but timing-wise they are ideal as they can be sown in cooler temperatures and have deep roots to take up moisture and N.
While Kale has deep roots, it cannot be sown at that time of the year.
This year Peter will be comparing cultivation techniques again but also investigating different crop-mixes comparing oats-only with an oats-Italian ryegrass mix.
The project is being run in conjunction with Plant and Food Research and is co-funded by Ballance, Beef + Lamb New Zealand, Ravensdown, Agricom and Luisetti seeds with support from farmers in each region.
